Ear Cancer

Ear cancer is a rare disease. In addition to squamous epithelial cell cancers in the external and middle ear, some benign tumors can also be diagnosed. Although tumors like glomus jugulare and glomus tympanikum are not cancerous, they can damage surrounding tissues.

Thus, they can affect important functions such as hearing and balance. For this reason, early diagnosis and effective treatment methods are of great importance. In order to maintain patients’ quality of life and improve their health, these tumors must be treated. This process requires a multidisciplinary approach.

By reading the content prepared by Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ, one of the doctors in Istanbul who performs ear cancer surgery, you can learn about the risks of ear cancer surgery, the recovery process, and what to pay attention to after surgery.

Ear, Nose, Throat, Head and Neck Surgery Specialist
Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ

Born in Malatya in 1978, Murat Topdağ completed his primary and secondary education, then attended high school in Istanbul. He graduated from the English program of Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi. Performing his surgeries at Acıbadem Altunizade Hospital, Prof. Dr. Murat Topdağ is married and has two children.

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What Is Ear Cancer?

Ear cancer is a serious health issue that can occur in the inner, middle, and external parts of the ear. This type of cancer can develop in different layers of the ear. When it begins in the inner ear, it carries a risk of turning into intracranial tumors.

When seen in the middle ear, it can cause problems related to the ossicles. In the external ear, it most frequently affects the skin and skin appendages. Considering the ear’s functionality in the body, the diagnosis and treatment of this type of cancer is of vital importance.

The main areas where ear cancer originates:

• Skin and skin appendages
• Cartilage
• Muscle
• Bone
• Inner ear structures

This type of cancer can significantly affect critical functions such as hearing and balance, thus severely impacting individuals’ quality of life. Therefore, early diagnosis can positively influence the course of the disease. Treatment options include surgical intervention, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

Because each patient’s situation is different, the treatment plan should be tailored to the individual. Intervention in the early stages of the disease increases the chances of successful treatment. Hence, if symptoms like ear pain or discharge are noticed, it is crucial to consult a healthcare facility without delay. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in the fight against ear cancer.

What Are the Causes of Ear Cancer?

Ear cancer emerges from a combination of various factors. Smoking plays a major role in the development of this disease. The harmful substances in cigarettes can damage the cells in the ear region. Alcohol consumption also raises the risk.

The toxic substances produced during alcohol metabolism can damage the DNA of cells, laying the groundwork for cancer. Besides these, certain environmental factors can heighten the risk of ear cancer. Industrial waste and radiation, in particular, may exhibit mutagenic effects on cells.

Factors considered as causes of ear cancer include:

• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Genetic predisposition
• Exposure to environmental toxins

These factors can induce mutations in cells and trigger cancer development. Genetic factors also matter. Individuals with a family history of ear cancer are more likely to develop the disease.

Lastly, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding risk factors is effective in preventing many types of cancer, including ear cancer. Early diagnosis plays a critical role in successfully managing the disease. Hence, it is important for people at risk to undergo regular health check-ups.

What Are the Symptoms of Ear Cancer?

Ear cancer is a serious health issue that most people are unaware of. This disease generally progresses silently, and the initial symptoms can be mild. Nonetheless, there are some distinctive warning signs that may point to this condition.

Hearing loss is among the first symptoms negatively affecting a person’s daily life. Additionally, balance problems and vertigo can occur, sometimes even when one is standing still. Pain or discomfort felt inside or around the ear should not be ignored. In addition, ear cancer symptoms can include:

• Swelling of lymph nodes in or around the ear
• Hearing one’s heartbeat in the ear
• Bleeding from or a feeling of fullness in the ear
• Facial paralysis or weakness in the face
• Tinnitus

The success of treatment steps hinges on early diagnosis. Therefore, such symptoms should not be disregarded, and patients should quickly visit a healthcare facility. Persistent ear pain, inflammation, or discharge must also be taken seriously.

In some patients, hypersensitivity to loud noises and emotional fluctuations may occur. These symptoms can diminish a person’s quality of life and hinder daily activities. Consequently, individuals with any of these symptoms are strongly advised to consult healthcare professionals.

How Is Ear Cancer Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of ear cancer begins with particular symptoms experienced by the patient. First, the patient’s medical history is carefully reviewed.

The doctor thoroughly evaluates changes in the ear and the patient’s complaints. The nature of these symptoms may indicate the presence of cancer. Then, several tests are performed for more definitive results:

Imaging tests:

• MRI scan
• CT scan

These tests provide a detailed view of abnormalities in the ear and help the doctor assess how far the disease has spread.

Additionally, a biopsy is performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells. During the biopsy, a small tissue sample is taken from the ear. The sample is then examined under a microscope in a lab. The presence of cancer cells is definitively established through this examination. These findings are critical in determining the treatment plan.

Before moving into the treatment process, the doctor and the patient discuss the diagnostic results and treatment options in detail. At this stage, all of the patient’s questions are answered, and expectations regarding the treatment are clarified.

Early detection plays a significant role in the success of the treatment. Therefore, if there are any long-lasting wounds or scabs on the ear that do not heal, it is extremely important to consult a doctor right away. This proactive approach makes it possible to get the disease under control at an early stage.

Stages of Ear Cancer

Ear cancer is assessed with a staging system, especially for cancers of the ear canal and middle ear. This staging is used to determine how far the disease has spread and how big the tumors are. Doctors shape the treatment plan according to these stages. Ear cancer stages are typically defined using the TNM classification:

• T (Tumor): Contains information about the size and location of the tumor.
  • Stage T1 indicates that the cancer is localized only in the middle ear. In this stage, the tumor does not cause facial numbness or affect nearby bone structures.
  • Stage T2 indicates that the tumor has extended outside the ear region and causes facial numbness or bone damage.
  • Stage T3 refers to situations in which the tumor is more widely spread. At this point, it may have reached nearby salivary glands, the base of the skull, or the jaw joint.
• N (Nodal involvement): Explains whether there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes.
• M (b): Indicates whether the cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body.

The ear cancer staging system is critically important for understanding the disease and determining the appropriate treatment methods. Each stage can affect the response to treatment and patient prognosis differently. Therefore, doctors attach great importance to accurately determining the stage of the disease.

How Is Ear Cancer Treated?

Ear cancer is a complex disease requiring treatment methods personalized for each patient. A surgical intervention is the most commonly used method, particularly for removing malignant tumors.

Also, in the treatment of benign tumors, surgical operations are preferred. Although there is a risk of damaging ear tissue during surgery, it is generally considered the most effective treatment method. Chemotherapy is not frequently used in the treatment of ear cancer, but it may be applied in certain specific situations.

• Surgical Treatment: The main method for removing malignant and benign tumors.
• Chemotherapy: Limited scope, especially in specific cases.
• Gamma Ray Therapy: An effective alternative for balance nerve tumors.

Treatment options vary based on numerous factors, including the patient’s overall health, the stage of the cancer, and the location of the tumor. Hence, each patient’s treatment plan should be tailored to their personal needs.

Early diagnosis significantly increases treatment success. Therefore, if symptoms of ear cancer are detected, promptly consulting a specialist is essential. In summary, treating ear cancer is a process that requires a multidisciplinary approach and a plan customized for the patient’s condition.

Recovery Process After Ear Cancer Treatment

The Recovery Process After Ear Cancer Treatment is a very important period for patients. One of the treatment methods, endoscopic ear surgery, offers a minimally invasive approach. This method prioritizes patient comfort.

Endoscopic operations are carried out using a small tube, minimizing pain and discomfort in the postoperative period. The recovery time is typically shorter.

• Generally, the postoperative recovery period may last about 6 weeks.
• The patient’s overall health condition can affect the speed of recovery.
• Endoscopic surgery often does not require stitches or bandages.

In the period following treatment, patients’ adherence to doctors’ recommendations positively influences the recovery process. Careful follow-up and proper care play a critical role in completing this phase successfully.

Dietary and Lifestyle Changes After Surgery

For patients who have undergone ear cancer surgery, a balanced and nutritious diet is of great importance. This diet helps with tissue repair and strengthens the immune system. Below are some recommended nutrients:

• Protein intake should be increased; lean chicken, fish, beans, and tofu are good choices.
• Expand a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables, as they provide the body with vitamins and minerals.
• Whole grains that support the digestive system, such as brown rice and quinoa, are recommended.
• Drink at least eight glasses of water daily to stay hydrated.

Additionally, lifestyle changes can contribute to the recovery process. One should refrain from smoking and alcohol, as these habits can slow wound healing. Getting enough sleep and going to bed regularly every night is crucial. Meditation and yoga are suggested for stress management. In addition to all these suggestions, it is essential to follow the doctor’s instructions precisely.

There are also special recommendations for ear care after ear surgery:

• Keep the operated ear dry.
• Be cautious during swimming and bathing to minimize contact with water.
• Elevating the head while sleeping is recommended; use one or two pillows for that purpose.

Precautions for Preventing Ear Cancer

Ear cancer can be among the diseases that can be prevented if early measures are taken. Embracing a healthy lifestyle is the leading step in this regard. Regular health check-ups enable early detection of any issues, which substantially boosts treatment success.

In particular, quitting harmful habits such as smoking and alcohol helps improve overall health. Healthy nutrition and regular physical activity boost the body’s resistance, thereby lowering the cancer risk. Moreover, paying attention to ear health is very important:

• Reducing or completely giving up smoking and alcohol use.
• Following a healthy diet program.
• Working out several times a week.
• Early diagnosis and treatment of ear infections.

When symptoms such as ear pain, hearing loss, or discharge from the ear are noticed, it’s necessary to consult a healthcare professional without delay. Early diagnosis is critical for controlling the disease and successfully treating it.

Thus, regular check-ups for ear health and not overlooking symptoms are key steps in preventing ear cancer. Applying these measures in a conscious way allows individuals to lead a healthy life.

F.A.Q.

Where Does Ear Cancer Spread To?

Ear cancer is a disease that can spread from its starting point to different areas. It typically begins in the external ear canal and may proceed toward surrounding tissues. The main regions where it can spread are:

• Salivary glands: Cancer cells can move to the salivary glands around the ear.
• The brain: In the most severe cases, the tumor can extend toward the brain, which complicates treatment.

Such spread makes the disease more difficult to treat, but it doesn’t necessarily mean it will have a fatal outcome. With early diagnosis and effective treatment methods, it can be brought under control.

Following the physician’s directions diligently during treatment can positively affect a patient’s health. Treatment methods vary depending on the type of cancer and the extent of its spread.

Is Ear Cancer Fatal?

Ear cancer is a rare disease. It may start in the external auditory canal and spread to the salivary glands or the brain. Although it is difficult to treat, it is not considered fatal per se.

The course of the disease varies based on the area to which the tumor has spread and how the patient responds to treatment. Early detection is critically important for controlling the disease.

Treatment methods include surgical intervention, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Each treatment is personalized for the type of tumor and the patient’s overall health condition.

• The risk of death significantly decreases if the tumor is detected early and effectively treated.

In conclusion, ear cancer may not be fatal; however, the severity of the disease and its response to treatment determine the outcome.

Which Department/Doctor Handles Ear Cancer?

The correct department for ear cancer treatment is Otolaryngology (ENT). These cancers can arise in the external or middle ear and are often benign.

However, at any sign of an ear tumor, it is vital to consult a specialist promptly. ENT specialists can thoroughly examine the ear structure, provide an accurate diagnosis, and decide on the most suitable treatment method. The treatment process may include different methods such as:

• Medication,
• Surgery,
• Radiotherapy

Hence, anyone suspecting ear cancer must seek help from an ENT specialist. This is the first and most important step for early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Is Ear Cancer Genetic or Contagious?

Ear cancer is not a contagious disease transmitted among individuals. Primarily, this condition occurs due to genetic factors and environmental influences.

Genetic predisposition can increase the risk if there is a family history of cancer. Still, not all genetic tendencies imply that the disease will certainly develop. Environmental factors are also crucial; for example:

• Prolonged sun exposure,
• Smoking,
• Exposure to certain chemicals.

These factors can damage the DNA in cells and thus increase the risk of cancer. However, there is no evidence that ear cancer is transmitted through direct contact from one person to another.

Accordingly, the disease spreads only through genetic and environmental factors. The common perception of infectious disease does not apply to cancer. Therefore, raising awareness of ear cancer and minimizing risk factors are important.

What Happens If Ear Cancer Is Not Treated?

If ear cancer goes untreated, its progression is inevitable. At first, cancer cells spread to surrounding tissues, potentially harming nearby organs. This situation can negatively affect functions in the inner and middle ear.

In particular, it can damage the auditory nerve, leading to permanent hearing loss. As the cancer grows, pain, discomfort, and a sense of pressure in the ear increase. In more advanced stages:

• Nose and ear bleeding,
• Swelling in the face and neck,
• Difficulty swallowing can appear.

Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent such complications by inhibiting further spread of the disease. For this reason, if symptoms of ear cancer are noticed, it is vital to consult a specialist without delay.

Does Ear Cancer Resolve on Its Own?

Ear cancer does not heal spontaneously. This serious health issue must be treated by a medical professional. It is important to know the disease is not contagious; that is, it does not spread from person to person through direct contact. Hence, close relationships with patients do not imply transmission of cancer.

The treatment process can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. The most crucial step in this process is early diagnosis. Thanks to early detection, the chance of treating the disease successfully increases. Therefore, if any unusual ear symptom is noticed, one should promptly visit a doctor.

At What Ages Is Ear Cancer Seen?

Ear cancer generally appears in certain age groups. Research indicates that this type of cancer is usually found in older people. It is known to be particularly common in those older than 40. Moreover, the most commonly encountered period is the sixth decade of life. This means that the risk of ear cancer increases in individuals in their 50s.

Hence, as age advances, the likelihood of developing this cancer type grows. However, this does not mean younger individuals are not at risk. People of all ages can minimize the risk by getting appropriate health check-ups and taking precautions. According to this information, the risk and incidence of ear cancer increase in proportion to age.

Is There a Chance of Survival in 4th Stage Ear Cancer / Ear Tumor?

For patients with fourth-stage ear cancer, the overall five-year survival rate is about 29.5%. This indicates an advanced stage of the disease. Disease-free survival rates are usually lower. Therefore, long-term survival chances for patients in this stage are limited. However, each patient’s situation may differ, and survival rates may vary according to individual factors.

It can be misleading to self-diagnose by looking at images or photos of people with ear cancer, so if in doubt, please consult your doctor.

References:

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/cancer-of-the-ear/what-is-cancer-of-the-ear

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17587-ear-tumors